"The thyroglossal duct was first described in 1723 by Vater, who called it the “lingual duct.” It was later referred to as the “canal of His” following his descriptions in 1855 and 1891. Walter Ellis Sistrunk (1880–1933, American surgeon at the Mayo Clinic, MN) described the basis for the current operation, removing not only the cyst but also the antecedent pathway of thyroid descent to the back of tongue and middle of the hyoid bone."

Abraham Vater (1684–1751)

Wilhelm His Sr. (1831–1904)

Walter Ellis Sistrunk (1880-1933)

"The branchial (external) and pharyngeal (internal) arches are structures which recapitulate our ontogeny with perhaps four or five being identifiable. In fish and most amphibians these become functional gill slits. The word itself comes from the Greek word for gills (βράγχια). Ascherson in 1832 was the first to suggest that the lateral cervical cysts he observed derived from such embryological precursors, using the term branchial cysts."

In 1832, German physician Ferdinand Mauritz Ascherson coined the term "branchial cyst" and proposed the classic branchial theory, which suggests that lateral neck cysts arise from the incomplete obliteration of embryonic branchial clefts or pouches

"Since its development in 1989, the ACE procedure has become widely accepted as a valuable addition to the therapeutic regimens available for treating intractable faecal incontinence associated with conditions such as myelomeningocele and anorectal malformations. Thousands of patients around the world have undergone ACE procedures with success rates in excess of 80% reported. The original procedure described disconnecting the appendix from the caecum, amputating its tip, reversing it, and reimplanting it into a submucosal tunnel on the anterior wall of the caecum to produce a continence mechanism; the stoma was usually sited in the right iliac fossa. Since the original description, numerous modifications have been proposed and introduced, so it is now incorrect to talk about the ACE procedure; and it would be more accurate to use the term ACE principle."

"Before Hugh Hampton Young performed the first recorded successful primary closure of a female exstrophy patient in 1942, bladder exstrophy was primarily treated by covering the defect with skin flaps. Modern exstrophy closure, based on the pioneering work of Jeffs et al. and Cendron, has been significantly modified in the past decade and is performed in many major centres worldwide. Depending on the surgeon’s experience, some centres perform the type of repairs described by Grady and Mitchell or Kelly. Regardless of the method of repair, the primary principles in surgical management are a secure initial abdominal closure, the reconstruction of a functional and cosmetically satisfactory external genitalia, and the achievement of urinary continence with preservation of renal function."

"Nonsurgical reduction has a longstanding history; it was first described by McDermott in 1994. In principle, an enema pushes back the intussuscepted bowel. The progress of the reduction can be monitored by fluoroscopy or ultrasound. As contrast media, air or water-soluble iodine solutions can be used for fluoroscopy, and physiologic saline, for ultrasound. A success rate of up to 95% has been reported for nonsurgical reduction, so this procedure should be considered as a first-line treatment."

— Endoscopic Surgery in Infants and Children by Klaas N.M.A. Bax, K.E. Georgeson, et al.

[My first specimen] is a colon, but a colon of such a size that it will no doubt surprise you to learn that it comes from a child only 11 months old when it died.... Only [the] rectum was not dilated, nor indeed subject to any obstruction.

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