History of bladder exstrophy repair

quote from "Pediatric Surgery (Springer Surgery Atlas)" by Prem Puri, Michael E. Höllwarth -

"Before Hugh Hampton Young performed the first recorded successful primary closure of a female exstrophy patient in 1942, bladder exstrophy was primarily treated by covering the defect with skin flaps. Modern exstrophy closure, based on the pioneering work of Jeffs et al. and Cendron, has been significantly modified in the past decade and is performed in many major centres worldwide. Depending on the surgeon’s experience, some centres perform the type of repairs described by Grady and Mitchell or Kelly. Regardless of the method of repair, the primary principles in surgical management are a secure initial abdominal closure, the reconstruction of a functional and cosmetically satisfactory external genitalia, and the achievement of urinary continence with preservation of renal function."