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Quote from "The SAGES Manual of Pediatric Minimally Invasive Surgery" by Danielle S. Walsh, Todd A. Ponsky, Nicholas E. Bruns - "Catheter occlusions secondary to fibrin or blood clot can be managed with tissue plasminogen activator (TPA). Two milligrams of TPA reconstituted in 40 cc of normal saline, and instilled in the catheter for 1 h, resulted in restoration of patency in 57 % of catheters [26]. Another technique described is the use of an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography cytology brush to manipulate a malfunctioning PD catheter, with subsequent flushing of the catheter with heparinized saline through the injection port to remove any clot or fibrin." Qu…

Quote from "ESPES Manual of Pediatric Minimally Invasive Surgery" by Ciro Esposito, François Becmeur, Henri Steyaert, Philipp Szavay - "The main indications for surgical treatment in the pediatric population are: (1) testicular asymmetry (involved testicle with a lower volume difference of more than 20% in comparison with the contralateral testicle), (2) grade III according to Dubin and Amelar classification, (3) bilateral varicocele in end-stage testicular development, (4) psychological or physical discomfort, and (5) pain [7]." Quote from "ESPES Manual of Pediatric Minimally Invasive Surgery" by Ciro Esposito, François Becmeur, Henri Steyaert, Philipp Szavay - "above…

Laparoscopic lymph-sparing mass ligation (Palomo) of left Varicocele A: 10 min after scrotal injection of isofluran blue, B: after opening the peritoneum, C: after ligation of the testicular artery, D: spared lymphatics after ligation of both artery and vein. Quote from "ESPES Manual of Pediatric Minimally Invasive Surgery" by Ciro Esposito, François Becmeur, Henri Steyaert, Philipp Szavay - "The two main techniques performed are: (1) Palomo’s technique which includes dissection and section of the spermatic artery and the spermatic veins and (2) modification of Palomo’s technique which includes only dissection and section of the spermatic veins with sparing of the sper…