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Quote from "Pediatric Surgery (Springer Surgery Atlas)" by Prem Puri, Michael E. Höllwarth - "Three easily detectable features—polyhydramnios, mediastinal shift, and the absence of an intra-abdominal stomach bubble—should prompt a more careful search for herniated abdominal organs in the chest. Polyhydramnios is present in about 80% of the pregnancies with fetuses who have CDH and has also been associated with poor outcome. Routine antenatal ultrasound detects approximately 50–85% of cases of CDH. Lung-to-head ratio (LHR), the ratio of contralateral lung area to head circumference, measured by antenatal ultrasound, is used to predict the severity and outcome in CDH and to predict patients with poor outcome for antenatal intervention."

Quote from "Pediatric Surgery (Springer Surgery Atlas)" by Prem Puri, Michael E. Höllwarth - "After the hernia is reduced, an attempt is made to visualize the ipsilateral lung. This is usually done by retracting the anterior rim of the diaphragm. Often, a hypoplastic lung can be observed at the apex. A hernial sac, composed of pleura and peritoneum, is present in about 20% of patients. The sac, if present, is excised to avoid leaving a loculated, space-occupying lesion in the chest" Quote from "Pediatric Surgery (Springer Surgery Atlas)" by Prem Puri, Michael E. Höllwarth - "Usually the anterior rim of the diaphragm is quite evident, but the posterior rim may not be immediately apparent and may require dissection for delineation. The posterior rim of the diaphragm is mobilized by incising the overlying peritoneum" Quote from "Pediatric Surgery (Springer Surgery Atlas)" by Prem Puri, Michael E. Höllwarth - "Using a prosthetic patch to close a defect that is too large to repair by direct suture. Various techniques have been described to close these large defects, including the use of prerenal fascia, rib structures, the latissimus dorsi muscle, rotational muscle flaps from the thoraco-abdominal wall, and prosthetic patches. The operations involving muscle flaps are too long and complex for critically ill patients and can lead to unsightly chest deformities. Prosthetic materials, including Marlex mesh, reinforced silicone elastomer, preserved pericardial heterografts, preserved dura, and the polytetrafluoroethylene patch (PTFE), have been advocated. The most commonly used prosthetic material presently is Surgisis® Soft Tissue Graft (Cook Medical; Bloomington, IN, USA), which is incorporated into adjacent tissue; this tends to lessen the risk of extension or displacement. The risk of infection is also decreased" Quote from "Pediatric Surgery (Springer Surgery Atlas)" by Prem Puri, Michael E. Höllwarth - "After closure of the defect with an open abdominal approach, the abdomen is closed in layers. If the abdominal cavity is small, gentle stretching of the abdominal wall will enable safe closure in most patients."