Undescended testis

quote from "Pediatric Surgery (Springer Surgery Atlas)" by Prem Puri, Michael E. Höllwarth - "Consensus is building that the crucial step in postnatal germ cell maturation is transformation of neonatal gonocytes into type A spermatogonia in the second 6 months after birth; hence the current recommendation for orchidopexy is at 6 months of age. Prevention of germ-cell loss is the aim of surgery, although this effect remains unproven."

Map link

video 1 video 2

video 1

video 1 video 2

lecture link

video 1 video 2 video 3

video 1

Quote from "The SAGES Manual of Pediatric Minimally Invasive Surgery" by Danielle S. Walsh, Todd A. Ponsky, Nicholas E. Bruns - "In cases where there is bilateral non-palpable UDT, a human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) simulation test is helpful to determine if there is any functioning testicular tissue [1]. On occasion, full descent will be noted after HCG, allowing the clinician to arrive at the diagnosis of retractile testes. While the testicles will recede as the hormonal stimulation dissipates, the condition will correct itself at puberty."

Quote from "ESPES Manual of Pediatric Minimally Invasive Surgery" by Ciro Esposito, François Becmeur, Henri Steyaert, Philipp Szavay - "For preoperative evaluation and diagnosis of unilateral NPT, physical examination is all needed, and no laboratory investigation is necessary. In unilateral NPT, compensatory hypertrophy of the contralateral testis may suggest testicular absence or atrophy. Monorchidism was observed in 95% of patients with a contralateral testis 2 cc or larger in the series of Belman and Rushton [3], but this sign is not specific and does not preclude surgical exploration. In cases of bilateral NPT or unilateral NPT accompanied by anomalies of genital re…